15 U.S.C. § 1679. Findings and purposes
(a) Findings
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Consumers have a vital interest in establishing and maintaining their
credit worthiness and credit standing in order to obtain and use credit. As a result,
consumers who have experienced credit problems may seek assistance from credit repair
organizations which offer to improve the credit standing of such consumers.
(2) Certain advertising and business practices of some companies engaged
in the business of credit repair services have worked a financial hardship upon
consumers, particularly those of limited economic means and who are inexperienced
in credit matters.
(b) Purposes
The purposes of this subchapter are—
(1) to ensure that prospective buyers of the services of credit repair organizations
are provided with the information necessary to make an informed decision regarding
the purchase of such services; and
(2) to protect the public from unfair or deceptive advertising and business
practices by credit repair organizations.
15 U.S.C. § 1679a. Definitions
For purposes of this subchapter, the following definitions apply:
(1) Consumer
The term "consumer" means an individual.
(2) Consumer credit transaction
The term "consumer credit transaction" means any transaction in which credit is
offered or extended to an individual for personal, family, or household purposes.
(3) Credit repair organization
The term "credit repair organization"—
(A) means any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce
or the mails to sell, provide, or perform (or represent that such person can or
will sell, provide, or perform) any service, in return for the payment of money
or other valuable consideration, for the express or implied purpose of—
(i) improving any consumer's credit record, credit history, or credit rating;
or
(ii) providing advice or assistance to any consumer with regard to any activity
or service described in clause (i); and
(B) does not include—
(i) any nonprofit organization which is exempt from taxation under section
501 (c)(3) of title 26;
(ii) any creditor (as defined in section 1602 of this title), with respect
to any consumer, to the extent the creditor is assisting the consumer to restructure
any debt owed by the consumer to the creditor; or
(iii) any depository institution (as that term is defined in section 1813
of title 12) or any Federal or State credit union (as those terms are defined in
section 1752 of title 12), or any affiliate or subsidiary of such a depository institution
or credit union.
(4) Credit
The term "credit" has the meaning given to such term in section 1602 (e) of this
title.
15 U.S.C. § 1679b. Prohibited practices
(a) In general
No person may—
(1) make any statement, or counsel or advise any consumer to make any statement,
which is untrue or misleading (or which, upon the exercise of reasonable care, should
be known by the credit repair organization, officer, employee, agent, or other person
to be untrue or misleading) with respect to any consumer's credit worthiness, credit
standing, or credit capacity to—
(A) any consumer reporting agency (as defined in section 1681a (f) of this
title); or
(B) any person—
(i) who has extended credit to the consumer; or
(ii) to whom the consumer has applied or is applying for an extension of
credit;
(2) make any statement, or counsel or advise any consumer to make any statement,
the intended effect of which is to alter the consumer's identification to prevent
the display of the consumer's credit record, history, or rating for the purpose
of concealing adverse information that is accurate and not obsolete to—
(A) any consumer reporting agency;
(B) any person—
(i) who has extended credit to the consumer; or
(ii) to whom the consumer has applied or is applying for an extension of
credit;
(3) make or use any untrue or misleading representation of the services of
the credit repair organization; or
(4) engage, directly or indirectly, in any act, practice, or course of business
that constitutes or results in the commission of, or an attempt to commit, a fraud
or deception on any person in connection with the offer or sale of the services
of the credit repair organization.
(b) Payment in advance
No credit repair organization may charge or receive any money or other valuable
consideration for the performance of any service which the credit repair organization
has agreed to perform for any consumer before such service is fully performed.
15 U.S.C. § 1679c. Disclosures
(a) Disclosure required
Any credit repair organization shall provide any consumer with the following written
statement before any contract or agreement between the consumer and the credit repair
organization is executed:
"Consumer Credit File Rights Under State and Federal Law "You have a right to dispute
inaccurate information in your credit report by contacting the credit bureau directly.
However, neither you nor any 'credit repair' company or credit repair organization
has the right to have accurate, current, and verifiable information removed from
your credit report. The credit bureau must remove accurate, negative information
from your report only if it is over 7 years old. Bankruptcy information can be reported
for 10 years.
"You have a right to obtain a copy of your credit report from a credit bureau. You
may be charged a reasonable fee. There is no fee, however, if you have been turned
down for credit, employment, insurance, or a rental dwelling because of information
in your credit report within the preceding 60 days. The credit bureau must provide
someone to help you interpret the information in your credit file. You are entitled
to receive a free copy of your credit report if you are unemployed and intend to
apply for employment in the next 60 days, if you are a recipient of public welfare
assistance, or if you have reason to believe that there is inaccurate information
in your credit report due to fraud.
"You have a right to sue a credit repair organization that violates the Credit Repair
Organization Act. This law prohibits deceptive practices by credit repair organizations.
"You have the right to cancel your contract with any credit repair organization
for any reason within 3 business days from the date you signed it.
"Credit bureaus are required to follow reasonable procedures to ensure that the
information they report is accurate. However, mistakes may occur.
"You may, on your own, notify a credit bureau in writing that you dispute the accuracy
of information in your credit file. The credit bureau must then reinvestigate and
modify or remove inaccurate or incomplete information. The credit bureau may not
charge any fee for this service. Any pertinent information and copies of all documents
you have concerning an error should be given to the credit bureau.
"If the credit bureau's reinvestigation does not resolve the dispute to your satisfaction,
you may send a brief statement to the credit bureau, to be kept in your file, explaining
why you think the record is inaccurate. The credit bureau must include a summary
of your statement about disputed information with any report it issues about you.
"The Federal Trade Commission regulates credit bureaus and credit repair organizations.
For more information contact:
(b) Separate statement requirement
The written statement required under this section shall be provided as a document
which is separate from any written contract or other agreement between the credit
repair organization and the consumer or any other written material provided to the
consumer.
(c) Retention of compliance records
(1) In general
The credit repair organization shall maintain a copy of the statement signed by
the consumer acknowledging receipt of the statement.
(2) Maintenance for 2 years
The copy of any consumer's statement shall be maintained in the organization's files
for 2 years after the date on which the statement is signed by the consumer.
15 U.S.C. § 1679d. Credit repair organizations contracts
(a) Written contracts required
No services may be provided by any credit repair organization for any consumer—
(1) unless a written and dated contract (for the purchase of such services)
which meets the requirements of subsection (b) of this section has been signed by
the consumer; or
(2) before the end of the 3-business-day period beginning on the date the
contract is signed.
(b) Terms and conditions of contract
No contract referred to in subsection (a) of this section meets the requirements
of this subsection unless such contract includes (in writing)—
(1) the terms and conditions of payment, including the total amount of all
payments to be made by the consumer to the credit repair organization or to any
other person;
(2) a full and detailed description of the services to be performed by the
credit repair organization for the consumer, including—
(A) all guarantees of performance; and
(B) an estimate of—
(i) the date by which the performance of the services (to be performed by
the credit repair organization or any other person) will be complete; or
(ii) the length of the period necessary to perform such services;
(3) the credit repair organization's name and principal business address;
and
(4) a conspicuous statement in bold face type, in immediate proximity to
the space reserved for the consumer's signature on the contract, which reads as
follows: "You may cancel this contract without penalty or obligation at any time
before midnight of the 3rd business day after the date on which you signed the contract.
See the attached notice of cancellation form for an explanation of this right.".
15 U.S.C.§ 1679e. Right to cancel contract
(a) In general
Any consumer may cancel any contract with any credit repair organization without
penalty or obligation by notifying the credit repair organization of the consumer's
intention to do so at any time before midnight of the 3rd business day which begins
after the date on which the contract or agreement between the consumer and the credit
repair organization is executed or would, but for this subsection, become enforceable
against the parties.
(b) Cancellation form and other information
Each contract shall be accompanied by a form, in duplicate, which has the heading
"Notice of Cancellation" and contains in bold face type the following statement:
"You may cancel this contract, without any penalty or obligation, at any time before
midnight of the 3rd day which begins after the date the contract is signed by you.
"To cancel this contract, mail or deliver a signed, dated copy of this cancellation
notice, or any other written notice to [ name of credit repair organization ] at
[ address of credit repair organization ] before midnight on [ date ] "I hereby
cancel this transaction, [ date ] [ purchaser's signature ].".
(c) Consumer copy of contract required
Any consumer who enters into any contract with any credit repair organization shall
be given, by the organization—
(1) a copy of the completed contract and the disclosure statement required
under section 1679c of this title; and
(2) a copy of any other document the credit repair organization requires
the consumer to sign, at the time the contract or the other document is signed.
15 U.S.C. § 1679f. Noncompliance with this subchapter
(a) Consumer waivers invalid
Any waiver by any consumer of any protection provided by or any right of the consumer
under this subchapter—
(1) shall be treated as void; and
(2) may not be enforced by any Federal or State court or any other person.
(b) Attempt to obtain waiver
Any attempt by any person to obtain a waiver from any consumer of any protection
provided by or any right of the consumer under this subchapter shall be treated
as a violation of this subchapter.
(c) Contracts not in compliance
Any contract for services which does not comply with the applicable provisions of
this subchapter—
(1) shall be treated as void; and
(2) may not be enforced by any Federal or State court or any other person.
15 U.S.C. § 1679g. Civil liability
(a) Liability established
Any person who fails to comply with any provision of this subchapter with respect
to any other person shall be liable to such person in an amount equal to the sum
of the amounts determined under each of the following paragraphs:
(1) Actual damages
The greater of—
(A) the amount of any actual damage sustained by such person as a result
of such failure; or
(B) any amount paid by the person to the credit repair organization.
(2) Punitive damages
(A) Individual actions
In the case of any action by an individual, such additional amount as the court
may allow.
(B) Class actions
In the case of a class action, the sum of—
(i) the aggregate of the amount which the court may allow for each named
plaintiff; and
(ii) the aggregate of the amount which the court may allow for each other
class member, without regard to any minimum individual recovery.
(3) Attorneys' fees
In the case of any successful action to enforce any liability under paragraph (1)
or (2), the costs of the action, together with reasonable attorneys' fees.
(b) Factors to be considered in awarding punitive damages
In determining the amount of any liability of any credit repair organization under
subsection (a)(2) of this section, the court shall consider, among other relevant
factors—
(1) the frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the credit repair organization;
(2) the nature of the noncompliance;
(3) the extent to which such noncompliance was intentional; and
(4) in the case of any class action, the number of consumers adversely affected.
15 U.S.C. § 1679h. Administrative enforcement
(a) In general
Compliance with the requirements imposed under this subchapter with respect to credit
repair organizations shall be enforced under the Federal Trade Commission Act [15
U.S.C. 41 et seq.] by the Federal Trade Commission.
(b) Violations of this subchapter treated as violations of Federal Trade Commission
Act
(1) In general
For the purpose of the exercise by the Federal Trade Commission of the Commission's
functions and powers under the Federal Trade Commission Act [15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.],
any violation of any requirement or prohibition imposed under this subchapter with
respect to credit repair organizations shall constitute an unfair or deceptive act
or practice in commerce in violation of section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission
Act [15 U.S.C. 45 (a)].
(2) Enforcement authority under other law
All functions and powers of the Federal Trade Commission under the Federal Trade
Commission Act shall be available to the Commission to enforce compliance with this
subchapter by any person subject to enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission
pursuant to this subsection, including the power to enforce the provisions of this
subchapter in the same manner as if the violation had been a violation of any Federal
Trade Commission trade regulation rule, without regard to whether the credit repair
organization—
(A) is engaged in commerce; or
(B) meets any other jurisdictional tests in the Federal Trade Commission
Act.
(c) State action for violations
(1) Authority of States
In addition to such other remedies as are provided under State law, whenever the
chief law enforcement officer of a State, or an official or agency designated by
a State, has reason to believe that any person has violated or is violating this
subchapter, the State—
(A) may bring an action to enjoin such violation;
(B) may bring an action on behalf of its residents to recover damages for
which the person is liable to such residents under section 1679g of this title as
a result of the violation; and
(C) in the case of any successful action under subparagraph (A) or (B), shall
be awarded the costs of the action and reasonable attorney fees as determined by
the court.
(2) Rights of Commission
(A) Notice to Commission
The State shall serve prior written notice of any civil action under paragraph (1)
upon the Federal Trade Commission and provide the Commission with a copy of its
complaint, except in any case where such prior notice is not feasible, in which
case the State shall serve such notice immediately upon instituting such action.
(B) Intervention
The Commission shall have the right—
(i) to intervene in any action referred to in subparagraph (A);
(ii) upon so intervening, to be heard on all matters arising in the action;
and
(iii) to file petitions for appeal.
(3) Investigatory powers
For purposes of bringing any action under this subsection, nothing in this subsection
shall prevent the chief law enforcement officer, or an official or agency designated
by a State, from exercising the powers conferred on the chief law enforcement officer
or such official by the laws of such State to conduct investigations or to administer
oaths or affirmations or to compel the attendance of witnesses or the production
of documentary and other evidence.
(4) Limitation
Whenever the Federal Trade Commission has instituted a civil action for violation
of this subchapter, no State may, during the pendency of such action, bring an action
under this section against any defendant named in the complaint of the Commission
for any violation of this subchapter that is alleged in that complaint.
15 U.S.C. § 1679i. Statute of limitations
Any action to enforce any liability under this subchapter may be brought before
the later of—
(1) the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of the occurrence
of the violation involved; or
(2) in any case in which any credit repair organization has materially and
willfully misrepresented any information which—
(A) the credit repair organization is required, by any provision of this
subchapter, to disclose to any consumer; and
(B) is material to the establishment of the credit repair organization's
liability to the consumer under this subchapter, the end of the 5-year period beginning
on the date of the discovery by the consumer of the misrepresentation.
15 U.S.C. § 1679j. Relation to State law
This subchapter shall not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to
the provisions of this subchapter from complying with any law of any State except
to the extent that such law is inconsistent with any provision of this subchapter,
and then only to the extent of the inconsistency.